Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) Study 2026, India

By incwert | 25th March 2026

We are pleased to present the fourth edition of Incwert’s Purchase Price Allocation Study in India, covering transactions from FY2017 to FY2025.

This study is based on an analysis of 1,320 completed transactions derived from publicly available filings. The findings are presented across key dimensions, including the classification of intangible assets, transaction size, frequency of occurrence of intangibles across industries, contingent consideration, and estimated useful lives.

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Equity Risk Premium 2026

By incwert | 31st January 2026

We are pleased to issue the 8th edition of the India Equity Risk Premium study (2026), which analyses the risk premium to be considered when determining the cost of equity using the capital asset pricing model.

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India Size Premium Study 2025

By incwert | 30th December 2025

Incwert Size Premium Study 2025 is a comprehensive study of past market data of the companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India from 1995 through December 2024 to analyse the returns that mid-cap, small-cap and micro-cap stocks have generated over the return as predicted by capital asset pricing model (CAPM)

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Unravelling the tapestry of royalty rates, 2025

By incwert | 31st October 2025

Authored by: CA Punit Khandelwal, CA Sunit Khandelwal and Prof. Divya Aggarwal Professor, MDI Gurgaon (ex-professor: EMLV, France and IIM Ranchi,…

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India Control Premium Study 2025

By incwert | 1st September 2025

The 7th edition of Incwert’s India Control Premium Study, 2025 is an update to the previous year’s study. The study analyses 23+ years (March 2002 to June 2025) of premium offered in takeovers in public transactions, triggering open offer obligations on the acquirers.

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Equity Risk Premium 2025

By incwert | 22nd August 2025

We are pleased to issue the 7th edition of the India Equity Risk Premium study (2025), which analyses the risk premium to be considered when determining the cost of equity using the capital asset pricing model.
Based on the current market conditions, and after giving consideration to both past performance and future expectations, we recommend India ERP of 7.00% (6.5% and 7.5% being the lower and upper limit of the range, respectively) beginning in April 2025.

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Volatility Study 2025

By incwert | 29th June 2025

The 2025 edition of our annual study on volatility in the returns of micro to large capitalisation enterprises listed in India shows persistence in the phenomena of high volatility in returns of smaller enterprises compared to the large ones. The empirical observations provide ample explanatory basis for the possibility of assigning volatility in excess of 60% to early-stage high-growth enterprises.

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Holdco Discount-2024

By incwert | 27th April 2025

We are pleased to release the fourth edition of Incwert’s holding company discount (“HoldCo Discount”) study 2024, based on the analysis of select listed holding companies across major sectors in India.

We observe that the median HoldCo discount in FY24 was approximately 68 per cent across the major listed holding entities in India.

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Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) Study 2025, India

By incwert | 30th January 2025

We are pleased to release the third edition of Incwert’s Purchase Price Allocation Study in India covering the financial years from 2017 to 2024. We have compiled the study after analysing public filings for 1,103 completed transactions from FY2017 to FY2024. We have summarised the results by the class of intangible, size of the transaction, rate of occurrence of intangibles within the industry, contingent consideration, select key transactions and useful life of the intangibles.

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India Size Premium Study 2024

By incwert | 25th December 2024

Incwert Size Premium Study 2024 is a comprehensive study of past market data of the companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India from 1995 through December 2023 to analyse the returns that mid-cap, small-cap and micro-cap stocks have generated over the return as predicted by capital asset pricing model (CAPM)

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The Cross-Section of Volatility in Returns of Enterprises from Micro to Large Cap

By incwert | 14th January 2021
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Assessment of volatility in equity return of enterprises stratified by size

Equity with Differential Rights – how does it deal with the test of inadequate consideration within the Income-tax (rule 11UA)

By incwert | 30th September 2020
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With the idea of differential rights as to dividends, voting or otherwise picking-up in India pursuant to the introduction of section 43(a)(ii) of the Companies Act, 2013, can DVRs be a stratagem to emaciate the income tax (Rule 11UA) valuation?

India Control Premium Study, 2020

By incwert | 30th August 2020
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A study of control premium offered in takeovers in India based on public company transactions during 2002 to June 2020

Purchase Price Allocation (“PPA”) study in the Banking and Insurance sector

By incwert | 30th July 2020
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Aiming at readiness for the upcoming Ind AS implementation in the Banking and Insurance sector by drawing references from the US market

India Equity Risk Premium 2020

By incwert | 26th June 2020
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This is our second edition of Equity Risk Premium in India study. Based on the current market conditions, we recommend India ERP of 7.5% ( 7% and 8% being the upper and lower limit of the range, respectively) beginning April 2020.

Insight into Holdco Discount

By incwert | 1st March 2020
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Holdco Discount study could be of importance to the valuation professionals when dealing with the question on the quantum of discount to be applied for valuing the holding of a minority shareholder in an entity that is essentially an investment vehicle. The empirical evidence is based on market data which can be considered to be a reliable basis when addressing the holding in a private enterprise which is a conglomerate.

Risk-free rate dilemma for valuation in a negative yield economy

By incwert | 1st February 2020
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Are valuation principles antagonised by temporal dimensions of interfered risk-free rates in growth-deflated big economies? Read our article to understand how this blip could be adjusted using certain well accepted methods.

Cyclical Beta Study-India

By incwert | 1st January 2020
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Beta analysed across all major sectors in India in the past 20 years at quarterly intervals and mapped against business cycles to analyse mean reversion trends and suggested adjustments for computing Beta for business valuations

India Control Premium Study 2019

By incwert | 31st October 2019
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A study of control premium offered in takeovers in India based on public company transactions during 2002 to June 2019

AMCs in India – Listing & Valuation

By incwert | 30th September 2019
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In this paper, we have discussed an overview of asset management companies (AMCs), top AMCs in India, trends and events which led to a recent listing in India and methods to value such businesses along with current valuation and financial performance of Indian AMCs and a comparison with US-listed asset managers.

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